The Plant Press

A look at the Guiana Shield plant collections of Redden and Wurdack

From Plant Press, Vol. 26, No. 2, April 2023.

For more than 30 years, the Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield (BDG) studied, documented, and preserved the biological diversity of the Guiana Shield in northern South America, which comprises parts of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela. The BDG program resulted in numerous publications, and a recently produced publication documents a decade of specimen collections by former and current Smithsonian botanists Karen Redden and Ken Wurdack. The open access publication written by Carol Kelloff, Karen Redden, Ken Wurdack, and Sara Alexander (Smithsonian Contribution to Botany, no. 116) is available for download at https://doi.org/10.5479/si.21912828.

On "Palm Mountain" in October 2008. Left to right: Claudius Perry, Nigel John, Pads Ragnauth, Karen Redden, Elvis Joseph, and Ken Wurdack. (self-timed photo)

In 2006, Vicki Funk asked Redden and Wurdack, who had met in the U.S. National Herbarium the previous year, if they would conduct a joint collecting expedition for the BDG. The BDG had maintained a full- or part-time resident collector in Guyana from 1986 until 2000, after which point it sponsored regular collecting expeditions to locations across the Guiana Shield. Redden and Wurdack’s first trip in 2006 was followed by 16 more (5 jointly plus additional expeditions by Redden with others), in a collaborative partnership that would last until the BDG’s final expedition in 2014.

Plant and lichen discovery in the southern Philippines

From Plant Press, Vol. 26, No. 2, April 2023.

By Manuela Dal Forno and Jun Wen

On January 11, 2023, we started our journey to the Philippines, Manuela Dal Forno from Fort Worth Botanic Garden in Texas and Jun Wen from the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. Little did we know then what adventures would wait for us in the Philippines. After traveling around 40 hours “door-to-door,” we arrived at our host institution, Central Mindanao University (CMU) in Maramag, Bukidnon Province on Mindanao Island.

Group photo during the first field day at Mt. Balatukan (Gingoog City, Barangay Kalagonoy, Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park) on January 18, 2023. (self-timed photo)

This journey, “Expedition 4,” was the fourth of a larger botanical project which started in 2018. For this most recent expedition, we worked in the Philippines for a total of 29 days and visited two main locations: Mt. Balatukan, part of the Mount Balatukan Range Natural Park in Misamis Oriental Province, in northern Mindanao; and Dinagat Islands, where we visited multiple municipalities, including Loreto, Basilisa, San Jose, Libjo and Tubajon. Toward the end of the trip, we collected in two additional localities, Mt. Musuan and Mt. Nebo, in the Valencia Valley of Bukidnon Province relatively close to our base at CMU. We were very fortunate to have the help of our Filipino colleagues who worked on the logistical details, such as meal planning, lodging, and securing permits ahead of time with the local communities and authorities. We especially thank Academician Dr. Victor Amoroso, Dr. Fulgent Coritico, Dr. Florfe Acma and Ms. Joie Lagumbay at CMU for their hard work on all the logistics for the expedition, and for the support from the local governments and communities.

Our trips were largely covered through two NSF-funded grants (DEB 1754697 and 1754667), namely, “Collaborative Research: Plant Discovery in the southern Philippines.” The main PI for this project is Peter Fritsch from the Fort Worth Botanic Garden (FWBG, more specifically BRIT, or Botanical Research Institute of Texas), with co-PIs Darin Penneys (University of North Carolina at Wilmington, WNC), Manuela Dal Forno (FWBG), and Dan Nickrent (Cornell University).

Amigos de las Gramíneas en México

From Plant Press, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2023.

By Paul M. Peterson and Konstantin Romaschenko

Paul Peterson, Research Botanist and Curator, has been collaborating with botanists in México for more than 37 years on taxonomic, biogeographic, and evolutionary studies of the grasses. This past fall, from 15 October to 16 November 2022, Peterson and Konstantin (Kostya) Romaschenko, Research Associate, traveled to Central México to collect specimens for numerous ongoing projects principally involving Dr. Yolanda Herrera Arrieta at Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango-COFAA in Durango and Dr. Jesus Valdés Reyna at the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro in Saltillo.

Muhlenbergia subg. Trichochloa near La Vuelta, Querétaro, México. (photo by Kostya Romaschenko)

The flora of México is extremely diverse, and the country ranks fourth in the world with more than 30,000 different species of flowering plants, compared to only 18,000 in the USA and 12,000 in all of Europe. The Poaceae or Gramineae are also diverse in México with more than 1,300 species. Peterson has traveled and collected more than 13,500 numbers in México on 28 expeditions, beginning in 1983 and 1984 with Robert F. Thorne and Carol Annable to the Sierra Juarez and Sierra de San Pedro Mártir in Baja California, and then throughout México in 1985 and 1986 to gather material of the annual species of Muhlenbergia in the tribe Cynodonteae for his PhD studies. If you want to work on grasses Muhlenbergia is a good choice because it is the most speciose genus in México with 130 species. The National Museum of Natural History’s previous Curator of grasses, Thomas Soderstrom worked on the tall perennial species of Muhlenbergia (subg. Trichochloa) for his PhD studies.

Grape escapes and beyond: A summer of botanical adventures in southern US and Mexico

From Plant Press, Vol. 25, No. 4, October 2022.

By Jun Wen, Alicia Talavera and Greg Stull

Curator Jun Wen and her collaborators have been conducting extensive field work on the grape family Vitaceae, especially the grape genus Vitis. This summer Wen traveled throughout the southern US in early July with postdoctoral fellow Alicia Talavera, and to Mexico throughout August with Research Collaborator Greg Stull to collect Vitaceae and specimens of other plant groups significant for biogeographic studies of the Northern Hemisphere. The two trips in the USA and Mexico resulted in approximately 800 specimens representing one of the most important sets of Vitaceae collections from North America (including Mexico), many specimens of Northern Hemisphere intercontinental disjunct plants, and also economically important wild relatives of food and drug plants.

An odd grape specimen of the Vitis cinerea complex in Alabama, likely a hybrid between V. cinerea var. baileyana and V. cinerea var. cinerea. (photo by Jun Wen)

Grape hunting in the southern US: North America is one of the two major centers of diversity for the grape genus Vitis. It is home to approximately 30 of the 75 species in the genus. The wine grape Vitis vinifera is one of the earliest domesticated crops and is considered the most economically important fruit crop in the world. Despite the economic and evolutionary interests, the taxonomy of the grape genus remains controversial, largely due to extremely complex histories of hybridizations and morphological plasticity. Studies in the Wen lab incorporating evidence from the field, herbarium, and genome sequences are ongoing to unravel the complex evolutionary history of Vitis, especially several species complexes in North America, e.g., the Vitis cinerea complex, and the Vitis aestivalis complex. Talavera’s postdoctoral research focuses on clarifying the taxonomy and evolutionary diversification of North American Vitis and exploring phylogeographic patterns in this region. In order to expand the population sampling for Talavera’s postdoctoral research, Wen and Talavera conducted a field trip to the southern US, covering Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia.

Jun Wen and Alicia Talavera collecting Vitis cinerea var. floridana in central Virginia. (photo by Alicia Talavera)

Wen and Talavera collected approximately 300 specimens of Vitis, and many other taxa (e.g., Angelica, Ampelopsis, Arundinaria, Carya, Clematis, Cyrilla, Halesia, Juglans, Magnolia, Nekemias, Nyssa, Parthenocissus, Polymnia, Prunus, Sagittaria, Sabatia, Trepocarpus, and Wisteria). This southern US field trip was critical for Talavera’s Vitis studies and provided the opportunity for her to gain a broad understanding of species variations in natural populations. They collected in diverse types of habitats across the eastern deciduous forests in North America, including the mesophytic forests in the Appalachians, the southern mixed oak-pine forests, the coastal cypress-tupelo swamp forests, the Mississippi alluvial plain forests, and the rich oak-hickory forests in the Ozarks.

A summer of grape escapes: A field work photo journal

From Plant Press, Vol. 24, No. 4, October 2021.

Jun Wen recently completed two ‘Grape Escapes’—one collecting trip to the southeast United States (August 30 – September 10, 2021) with Sue Lutz, and the other collecting trip to Texas and western Louisiana (September 19-28, 2021) with her long-time collaborator Stefanie Ickert-Bond (University of Alaska, Fairbanks). Wen and her colleagues made important collections and observations throughout the southeast (especially South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Kentucky), as well as Texas and western Louisiana, targeting grapevines (Vitis, Vitaceae), hickories (Carya, Juglandaceae), and rattlebox (Crotalaria, Fabaceae).

Jun Wen and Stefanie Ickert-Bond

While in Texas, Wen and Ickert-Bond visited the John Fairey Garden near Hempstead. Having a unique artistic design by its founder John Fairey, the Garden is a hidden treasure with extraordinary collections from Mexico. The collecting team enjoyed getting to know the Garden via an introduction from botanist Adam Black via FaceBook. The team was given a tour by Executive Director Randy Twaddle and horticultural botanist Wally Wilkins.

The two trips were among many recent grape escapes that Wen had led, setting a foundation to wrap up the taxonomic revision of North American grapes. The studies of Carya and Crotalaria are collaborative work with colleagues at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for DNA-based species identification assay development.

Researchers find new grass species in Maloti-Drakensberg area in southern Africa

From Plant Press, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 2021.

Adapted from an article written by Leonie Bolleurs, University of the Free State, South Africa.

Festuca drakensbergensis in an Afrolpine grassland field at Tiffindell, Drakensberg Mountains. (photo by Rob Soreng)

In their search to learn more about the impact of humans and climate change on grasses in the Drakensberg Mountain Centre (DMC), one of the most studied mountain systems in the region, a group of scientists found a new grass species, which they named Festuca drakensbergensis Sylvester, Soreng & M.Sylvester [PhytoKeys 162: 50–54, f. 1, 2. 2020] (common name unknown; herein could be designated the ‘Drakensberg Alpine Fescue’). The Maloti-Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site is a transnational property spanning the border between the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa.

The team who is working on the project includes Vincent R. Clark, Head of the Afromontane Research Unit at the University of the Free State (UFS), Steven P. Sylvester from the Nanjing Forestry University in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, and Robert J. Soreng from the Department of Botany at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC., along with Mitsy Sylvester and Caroline Mashau (Ph.D. student).

The species, discovered in February and March 2020, was found during extensive fieldwork by the Sylvesters and Soreng and herbarium research across the 40,000 km² Maloti-Drakensberg area. The DMC has a very high endemic plant diversity, says Clark (fieldwork vouchers at NU, PRE, US, and more to be distributed).

“It is the only mountain system in [continental] Africa south of Mt. Kilimanjaro with an alpine component,” Clark adds. The DMC has a montane sub-center (below 2800 m) and an alpine sub-center (2800 to 3482 m).

Fake flowers, real news: a new plant-fungus association in Guyana

From Plant Press, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 2021.

Fungi exploit their environment and interact with plants in a myriad of complex and sometimes devastating ways – from symbiotic associations in lichens, endophytes, and mycorrhizae, to wood decayers and parasites causing crop diseases. One of their most remarkable and rare life-history strategies is floral mimicry, where a parasitic fungus induces flower-like structures. These “false flowers” or pseudoflowers usually are infected leaves that mimic the look, smell, and rewards (a sugary fungal exudate) of real flowers to attract insects which then disperse the fungal spores to other plants for new infections and to effect outcrossing. The best-known systems involve rust fungi and diverse hosts, including Puccinea + Boechera (Brassicaceae), Uromyces + Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), and Molinilia + Vaccinium (Ericaceae).

Xyris surinamensis inflorescences comparing similar flowers (left) and fungal pseudoflowers (right). (image by Ken Wurdack)

In a pair of recent papers (Laraba et al., Mycologia 112: 39–51, 2020; Laraba et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 144: 103466, 2020), Smithsonian Department of Botany scientist Ken Wurdack and mycological collaborators at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Purdue University describe a novel neotropical plant-fungus association between yellow-eyed grasses (Xyris spp.; Xyridaceae) and a new pseudoflower-producing species of parasitic fungus. This research was begun during BDG-sponsored (Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program) fieldwork by Wurdack, who in 2006 encountered an odd fungus on inflorescences of Xyris surinamensis in the savannas above Kaieteur Falls in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. Wurdack’s field studies were expanded during plant collecting expeditions in 2010 and 2012 (see The Plant Press 14(1): 1, 9–11, 2011; 16(1): 8–10, 2013) that explored other savannas in this region of the Guiana Shield known for tepuis (table-top mountains) and high biodiversity. The savannas typically form on thin, sandy soils over sandstone rock outcrops in the uplands (300–900 m) between mountain peaks, and are rich in endemic Xyridaceae. The fungus mimics the flowers of Xyris with yellow-orange petaloid fungal tissue that slowly grows to envelope an inflorescence, and apparently fools visiting small bees which otherwise seek to collect pollen. These fungal pseudoflowers had been sparingly noted in the Xyris systematics literature and incidentally collected with plant specimens. Wurdack surveyed Xyris specimens in the U.S. National Herbarium (US as well as MO and NY) and discovered pseudoflowers on 20 historical collections dating back to 1919, which encompassed only four Xyris species (of 250+ worldwide) in the Guiana Shield region of Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana.

Xyris surinamensis in a savanna along the Kako River in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana; fungal pseudoflowers indicated with arrows. (photo by Ken Wurdack)

 

Savanna along the Kako River in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana with mixed Xyris species and fungal pseudoflowers on X. surinamensis (indicated with arrows). (photo by Ken Wurdack)

In the research of Laraba et al., a fungus was cultured from the Xyris pseudoflowers that the authors newly describe as Fusarium xyrophilum I. Laraba, K. Wurdack, Aime & O’Donnell, and use molecular phylogenetic analyses to discover its closest relatives are surprisingly from Africa. The fungus was further characterized using modern methods to determine its genome, sexual reproductive mode, and secondary metabolites. Those results paint a detailed picture of the life history of a parasitic fungus that forms unique pseudoflowers made entirely of fungal tissue, can infect all parts of its Xyris host, can manipulate host growth through the production of phytohormones, can produce mycotoxins for defense, and can produce pigments and volatiles that are known to attract insects. Many evolutionary and ecological questions remain unanswered, such as: How did this complex mimicry evolve and how is it maintained despite affecting host fertility? Why is it so host-specific? How does a disease that affects plant fertility coexist with its host? The studies of Laraba et al. are testament to new surprises coming from basic tropical biodiversity research.

ForestGEO welcomes 72nd plot to the network: Ordway Swisher, Florida, USA

From Plant Press, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 2020.

ForestGEO is pleased to introduce its newest research site, the Ordway Swisher Forest Dynamics Plot, a 23.04-ha upland sandhill forest near Melrose, Florida, USA, that undergoes a regimen of prescribed burning every three to four years (including during the establishment of the plot). Field crews began the census in March 2019 and completed it in February 2020, less than one month before the coronavirus pandemic brought fieldwork around the world to a halt. Staff have entered and screened census data, which is now available upon request in the ForestGEO Data Portal. Dan Johnson and Stephanie Bohlman, both of the University of Florida, are the plot’s Principal Investigators.

Photos of the plot, after the jump...

Flora of the Marquesas Islands, a multiphase project

From Plant Press, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 2020.

By Warren Wagner and David Lorence

Among the most isolated archipelagos in the Pacific, the Marquesas Islands, consisting of 12 main islands, are situated in the Polynesian-Micronesian biodiversity hotspot. Some 2,400 miles southeast of the larger Hawaiian Islands (6,423 sq. mi.), the Marquesas Islands are only about 400 sq. mi., around 20% smaller than the island of Kaua`i. Nuku Hiva, the largest island, is just 50 sq. mi. These relatively young islands (0.7 – 5.5 MYA) have some breathtaking and rugged spires and narrow ridges, but none are higher than 4,000 feet. The Marquesan flora displays a remarkably high degree of endemism despite the islands’ small sizes. Nevertheless, human colonization and the introduction of non-native invasive animals and plants over the years have severely impacted the low- to mid-elevation vegetation of the Marquesas. Scattered like green jewels across a remote swath of the South Pacific and seemingly far from the trappings of modern society, the Marquesas have long been a source of fascination for outsiders.

Plakothira perlmanii (Loasaceae), one of three species of one of two genera endemic to the Marquesas Islands. (photo by Jean-Yves Meyer)

As a result, these islands have attracted a variety of individuals looking to connect with nature or a Polynesian culture free from Western influence. Notably, French painter Paul Gauguin and Belgian singer Jacques Brel both spent the last years of their lives in the Marquesas and were both buried in the cemetery at Atuona, Hiva Oa. The islands have also attracted famous writers and explorers such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Herman Melville, Jack London, and Norwegian ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl who wrote a book called Fatu Hiva during his year-long sojourn on the island where he and his young bride attempted (unsuccessfully) to live off the land. Today the Marquesas are reliably connected to the outside world by satellite dishes and mobile phones. There are airports on four of the main islands, although boat travel is required to reach the others. Nevertheless, many Marquesans still maintain strong connections to the sea and land, subsisting by fishing, hunting, and growing much of their food in agroforests and plantations, as well as selling copra and, more recently, noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) which has become popular as a nutraceutical.

The two of us became acquainted while doctoral students at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1987–1988 both of us assumed new research positions: Lorence at the National (then Pacific) Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and Wagner at the Smithsonian Institution (formerly at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum). Since the Smithsonian Department of Botany and NTBG had a significant history of working on Pacific islands, it seemed like a great opportunity to collaborate and develop interactions between the two institutions. One logical project was a flora of the Marquesas Islands because of the years of previous work by Smithsonian researchers F. Raymond Fosberg and Marie-Hélène Sachet in the Marquesas and other Pacific islands, and the focus on Pacific botany by NTBG. The Marquesas flora project was initiated informally on Kaua`i in 1988 over drinks during a meeting with Peter H. Raven, who received the Robert Allerton Award that year. So, with a toast and handshakes the NTBG-SI Marquesas Flora project was born. It was conducted under an agreement with French Polynesia to be a collaborative project between the National Tropical Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Délégation à la Recherche de la Polynésie Française intended to provide a foundational knowledge of the flora as a vital component towards preserving the biodiversity of the Marquesas Islands.

 
Left: Warren Wagner and David Lorence aboard the sailing vessel Aeolus contracted for interisland transport, owned and captained by Eward H. Carus Jr., during their first collecting trip to the Marquesas Islands in 1988. (photo by E. Carus)
Right: Warren Wagner (left) and other members of the field team (Steve Perlman and Jacques Florence) standing next to the only vehicle they found to rent on Nuku Hiva, during the first collecting trip to the Marquesas Islands in 1988. (photo by D. Lorence)

ForestGEO network adapts in response to COVID-induced changes

From Plant Press, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 2020.

On March 11, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 (coronavirus) outbreak a global pandemic. Since then, daily life around the world has drastically changed, and physical distancing, face masks, and a surge in teleworking have become a way of life for many. Fieldwork at Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) sites around the world has been severely impacted, with many unique long-term monitoring projects on hold. Decades-long studies of flowering and fruiting patterns of trees, foraging behavior of primates, dynamics of insect populations, and the 40-year census of the Barro Colorado Island (BCI) plot are now stopped. These interruptions are going to have lasting effects on our ability to understand how the world's forests are responding as climate changes. Alongside the disappointment and uncertainty that COVID-19 has introduced, a spirit of flexibility, a willingness to adapt and rise to the occasion wherever possible, has also emerged. Below, ForestGEO staff share how members within the ForestGEO network have found opportunities amid the disruption.

Cliffson Idigel and Joseph Kua, field crew members at the Wanang 50-ha plot (photo from Wanang’s first census). (photo by George Weiblen)

Although physical distancing precludes field crews from embarking upon Wanang’s third census, colleagues at ForestGEO's partner institution, the New Guinea Binatang Research Center, have been able to continue with research throughout the coronavirus pandemic. Vojtech Novotny, a principal investigator (PI) of the Wanang plot in Papua New Guinea, frames travel restrictions and their fallout on scientific research “as a test on the rhetoric of ‘capacity building’ within tropical countries,” noting that “if a sudden interruption of international travel causes tropical research to stop, then it is a sign that the capacity building has not been really robust.”